Vasculitis
Vasculitis is a group of autoimmune disorders that cause inflammation of blood vessels, which can reduce blood flow and damage vital organs. The condition varies depending on the size and location of the affected vessels.
Common types include giant cell arteritis (GCA), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and polyarteritis nodosa (PAN).
Symptom Onset & Initial Evaluation
Because vasculitis can affect many different organs, symptoms vary significantly. Common signs may include:
- Fever, fatigue, or unexplained weight loss
- Headache, scalp tenderness, jaw pain, or vision changes (seen in GCA)
- Chronic sinus symptoms, nosebleeds, cough, or shortness of breath
- Nerve pain, skin rashes, abdominal pain, or kidney problems
Urgent evaluation is essential when symptoms suggest possible eye, kidney, or organ involvement, as these can progress rapidly without treatment.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis requires a combination of lab testing, imaging, and, in some cases, a tissue biopsy to confirm inflammation and assess severity. Tests may include:
- Blood work: ESR, CRP, ANCA, complete blood count, and kidney function tests
- Urinalysis: Checks for signs of kidney inflammation or damage
- Imaging: Ultrasound, CT, MRI, or PET scans to evaluate affected blood vessels or organs
- Biopsy: Tissue sampling from an affected artery or organ to confirm the diagnosis
Treatment & Ongoing Management
Treatment depends on the type and severity of vasculitis, but always focuses on controlling inflammation and preventing organ damage. Management may include:
- High-dose corticosteroids: Often used first to reduce inflammation quickly
- Steroid-sparing medications: Such as methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate, cyclophosphamide, or rituximab to maintain remission and minimize long-term steroid use
- Regular monitoring: Blood work and imaging help detect relapses early and manage medication side effects
Follow-Up & Outlook
With early diagnosis and expert management, many types of vasculitis can be brought into remission. Ongoing follow-up is vital to monitor for relapse, protect organ function, and maintain overall health. Most patients lead active, fulfilling lives with proper long-term care.